Prof. Dr. Stephanie Hackert

Hackert, Stephanie, ed. Fc. The Oxford Handbook of English and Creole in the Caribbean. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2012. The Emergence of the English Native Speaker: A Chapter in Nineteenth-Century Linguistic Thought. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

At least since Chomsky (1965: 3) famously defined linguistic theory as "concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogenous speech-community," the native speaker has been conceived of as "a common reference point for all branches of linguistics" (Coulmas 1981: 1). Over the past twenty-five years, however, dissatisfaction with the concept has grown, particularly in connection with the study of the so-called "World Englishes," which are often divided into "native" (e.g., British, American, or Australian Englishes) and "non-native" varieties, the latter often also summarized under the label "New Englishes" and denoting the increasingly autonomous forms of the language spoken especially in non-Western settings such as India, Singapore, or Nigeria. A number of researchers (cf. Singh 1998) have pointed out in this context that, while there may be linguistic differences between native and non-native speakers of English, these differences are not what matters, as the native speaker is really a political construct carrying a particular ideological baggage.
The present study maintains that many of the associations that burden the native speaker and make the concept's application in the World Englishes context problematic have a long history. Employing a corpus of texts that extends from the mid-nineteenth century to just after World War I and includes not only the classics of the linguistic literature but also collections of lesser known periodical articles such as Harris (1995), it analyzes some of the discourses surrounding the emergence of the English native speaker. What this analysis shows is that the second half of the nineteenth century was a period in which people started to think differently about languages and their speakers. As a new term characterizing particular language users and setting them off from other groups, the native speaker provided an important way of conceptualizing and labeling a particular linguistic identity and drawing boundaries between some speakers and others. In sum, if we are to understand the ideology of the English native speaker today, we need to understand, as fully as possible, the historical origins of the assumptions and beliefs upon which it rests.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2004. Urban Bahamian Creole: System and Variation. Varieties of English Around the World G32. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This volume, a detailed empirical study of the creole English spoken in the Bahamian capital, Nassau, contributes to our understanding of both urban creoles and tense-aspect marking in creoles. The first part traces the development of a creole in the Bahamas via socio-demographic data and outlines its current status and functions vis-à-vis the standard in politics, the media, and education. The linguistic chapters combine typological and variationist methods to describe exhaustively a comprehensive grammatical subsystem, past temporal reference, offering a discourse-based approach to such controversial categories as the preverbal past marker. The quantitative analysis of variable past inflection, finally, tests not only well-known constraints, such as stativity or social class, but also ethnographically determined ones, such as narrative type. Its results are relevant not only to the study of Caribbean English-lexifier creoles and related varieties, such as African American English, but also to variation and change in urban dialects generally.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2001. I did done gone: Typological, sociolinguistic, and discourse-pragmatic perspectives on past temporal reference in urban Bahamian Creole English. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Heidelberg.

Bohmann, Axel. 2025. English Across Borders: A Reflexive Approach to Anglophone Migrants' Repertoires. Varieties of English Around the World G72. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Wengler, Diana. 2025. Dialect on Air: Bahamian Creole in Historical Radio Broadcasts. Varieties of English Around the World G71. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Laliberté, Catherine. 2023. Urban Panamanian English. Varieties of English Around the World G70. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Hess, Dominique B. 2023. Saipanese English: Local and Global Sociolinguistic Trends. Varieties of English Around the World G69. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Wilson, Guyanne & Michael Westphal, eds. 2023. New Englishes, New Methods. Varieties of English Around the World G68. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Mühleisen, Susanne. 2022. Genre in World Englishes: Case Studies from the Caribbean. Varieties of English Around the World G67. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Kytö, Merja & Lucia Siebers, eds. 2022. Earlier North American Englishes. Varieties of English Around the World G66. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Schröder, Anne, ed. 2021. The Dynamics of English in Namibia. Varieties of English Around the World G65. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Eberle, Nicole. 2021. Bermudian English: A Sociohistorical and Linguistic Profile. Varieties of English Around the World G64. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Honkanen, Mirka. 2020. World Englishes on the Web: The Nigerian Diaspora in the USA. Varieties of English Around the World G63. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Rüdiger, Sofia. 2019. Morpho-Syntactic Patterns in Spoken Korean English. Varieties of English Around the World G62. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Deshors, Sandra C., ed. 2018. Modeling World Englishes. Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL Varieties. Varieties of English Around the World G61. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Westphal, Michael. 2017. Language on Jamaican Radio. Varieties of English Around the World G60. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Meierkord, Christiane, Bebwa Isingoma & Saudah Namyalo, eds. 2016. Ugandan English: Its Sociolinguistics, Structure and Uses in a Globalising Post-Protectorate. Varieties of English Around the World G59. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Percillier, Michael. 2016. World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition: Insights from Southeast Asian Englishes. Varieties of English Around the World G58. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Seoane, Elena & Cristina Suárez-Gómez, eds. 2016. World Englishes. New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Varieties of English Around the World G57. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Edwards, Alison. 2016. English in the Netherlands. Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Varieties of English Around the World G56. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Hickey, Raymond. 2015. Researching Northern English. Varieties of English Around the World G55. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Bernaisch, Tobias. 2015. The Lexis and Lexicogrammar of Sri Lankan English. A Corpus-Based Study. Varieties of English Around the World G54. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Schützler, Ole. 2015. A Sociophonetic Approach to Scottish Standard English. Varieties of English Around the World G53. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Biewer, Carolin. 2015. South Pacific Englishes. A Sociolinguistic and Morphosyntactic Profile of Fiji English, Samoan English and Cook Islands English. Varieties of English Around the World G52. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Prescod, Paula, ed. 2015. Language Issues in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Varieties of English Around the World G51. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Hundt, Marianne & Devyani Sharma, eds. 2014. English in the Indian Diaspora. Varieties of English Around the World G50. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Buschfeld, Sarah, Thomas Hoffmann, Magnus Huber & Alexander Kautzsch, eds. 2014. The Evolution of Englishes. The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Varieties of English Around the World G49. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Rosen, Anna. 2014. Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English. Varieties of English Around the World G48. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Zipp, Lena. 2014. Educated Fiji English. Lexico-Grammar and Variety Status. Varieties of English Around the World G47. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Buschfeld, Sarah. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English. An Emprirical Investigation of Variety Status. Varieties of English Around the World G46. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Lange, Claudia. 2012. The Syntax of Spoken Indian English. Varieties of English Around the World G45. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Migge, Bettina & Máire Ní Chiosáin, eds. 2012. New Perspectives on Irish English. Varieties of English Around the World G44. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Hundt, Marianne & Ulrike Gut, eds. 2012. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide. Corpus.Based Studies of New Englishes. Varieties of English Around the World G43. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Hackert, Stephanie, Georgia Ivins & Gregory Wolfe. fc. "Rhoticity in Bahamian English: Internal vs. external factors and the question of Americanization".

Hackert, Stephanie & Diana Wengler. 2026. "Producing linguistic authenticity: A soap opera as a source of historical Creole data?". In Sven Leuckert, Sofia Rüdiger & Tobias Bernaisch, eds. Evolving Englishes: Varieties Through Space and Time. London: Routledge, 8-26.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2026. "North American-Caribbean linguistic connections." In Natalie Schilling, Derek Denis & Raymond Hickey, eds. The New Cambridge History of the English Language: North America and the Caribbean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 819-52.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2025. "World Englishes and the native speaker." In Carol A. Chapelle & Eric Anchimbe, eds. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (World Englishes). 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal20137.

Hackert, Stephanie, Catherine Laliberté, Robert Mailhammer, Diana Wengler & Ronia Zeidan. 2025. "Past marking in Australian Aboriginal English on Croker Island: Local vs. cross-variety patterns and principles." Journal of English Linguistics 53/1: 32-62. DOI. 10.1177/00754242241298990.

Hackert, Stephanie, Catherine Laliberté & Diana Wengler. 2024. "Past inflection around the world: A cross-variety analysis of New Englishes." Lingua 307. (Special issue on non-standard morphosyntactic variation in L2 Englishes world-wide, ed. by Peter Collins & Bernd Kortmann). DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2024.103776.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2022. "The epicenter model and American influence on Bahamian Englishes." World Englishes 41: 361-76. DOI: 10.1111/weng.12583.

Hackert, Stephanie & Diana Wengler. 2022. "Recent grammatical change in postcolonial Englishes: A real-time study of genitive variation in Caribbean and Indian newswriting." Journal of English Linguistics 50/1: 3-38. DOI: 10.1177/00754242211052490. [accepted manuscript]

Deuber, Dagmar, Stephanie Hackert, Evan Canan Hänsel, Alexander Laube, Mahyar Hejrani & Catherine Laliberté. 2022. "The norm orientation of English in the Caribbean: A comparative study of newspaper writing from ten countries." American Speech 97/3: 265–310. DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8791736.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2021. "Creole distinctiveness? Insights from English-lexifier pidgins, creoles, and related varieties." In Danae Perez, Marianne Hundt, Johannes Kabatek & Daniel Schreier, eds. English and Spanish: World Languages in Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 92-114. DOI: 10.1017/9781108623469.006.

Hackert, Stephanie, Alexander Laube & Diana Wengler. 2020. "English in The Bahamas and developmental models of World Englishes: A critical analysis." In Sarah Buschfeld & Alexander Kautzsch, eds. Modelling World Englishes: A Joint Approach to Postcolonial and Non-Postcolonial Varieties. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 251-73. DOI: 10.1515/9781474445887-015. [accepted manuscript]

Hackert, Stephanie. 2019. "The perfect in English-lexifier pidgins and creoles: A comparative study." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 34: 195-242. DOI: 10.1075/jpcl.00039.hac. [accepted manuscript]

Hackert, Stephanie. 2019. "Memoirs from Central America: A linguistic analysis of personal recollections of West Indian laborers in the construction of the Panama Canal." In Raymond Hickey, ed. Keeping in Touch. Emigrant Letters across the English-Speaking World. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 261-85. DOI: 10.1075/ahs.10.12hac. [accepted manuscript]

Hackert, Stephanie & Alexander Laube. 2018. "You ain't got principle, you ain't got nothing: Verbal negation in Bahamian Creole." English World-Wide 39/3: 278-308. DOI: 10.1075/eww.00015.hac. [accepted manuscript]

Hackert, Stephanie. 2017. "The native speaker in World Englishes: A historical perspective." In Susanne Mühleisen, ed. Contested Communities: Communication, Narration, Imagination. Amsterdam: Rodopi. DOI: 10.1163/9789004335288_004.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2016. "Standards of English in the Caribbean: History, attitudes, functions, features." In Elena Seoane & Cristina Suárez-Gómez, eds. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 85-112. DOI: 10.1075/veaw.g57.05hac. [accepted manuscript]

Hackert, Stephanie. 2015. "Pseudotitles in Bahamian English: A case of Americanization?" Journal of English Linguistics 43: 143-67. DOI: 10.1177/0075424215577966.

Hackert, Stephanie & Dagmar Deuber. 2015. "American influence on written Caribbean English: A diachronic analysis of newspaper reportage in the Bahamas and in Trinidad and Tobago." In Peter Collins, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 389-410. DOI: 10.1075/scl.67.16hac.

Hackert, Stephanie & Anne Schröder. 2014. "Comparing tense and aspect in pidgins and creoles: Dahl's questionnaire and beyond." In Silvia Mergenthal & Reingard M. Nischik, eds. Anglistentag 2013 Konstanz: Proceedings. Trier: WVT, 349-60.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2014. "Series editor’s preface." In Sarah Buschfeld, Thomas Hoffmann, Magnus Huber & Alexander Kautzsch, eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: Benjamins, ix-x. DOI: 10.1075/veaw.g49.001for.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2014. "The evolution of English(es): Notes on the history of an idea." In Sarah Buschfeld, Thomas Hoffmann, Magnus Huber & Alexander Kautzsch, eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 282-300. DOI: 10.1075/veaw.g49.16hac.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2013. "Bahamian Creole." In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath & Magnus Huber, eds. The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages. Vol. 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 127-38.

Hackert, Stephanie, Dagmar Deuber, Carolin Biewer & Michaela Hilbert. 2013. "Modals of possibility, ability and permission in selected New Englishes." In Magnus Huber & Joybrato Mukherjee, eds. VARIENG: Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English. Vol. 13: Corpus Linguistics and Variation in English: Focus on Non-Native Englishes. http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/series/volumes/13/hackert_deuber_biewer_hilbert/.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2012. "Bahamian Creole." In Bernd Kortmann & Kerstin Lunkenheimer, eds. The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 180-96. DOI: 10.1515/9783110280128.180.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2012. "Regional profile: The Caribbean." In Bernd Kortmann & Kerstin Lunkenheimer, eds. The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 704-33. DOI: 10.1515/9783110280128.704.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2012. "Variation in educated speech: The case of Bahamian English." In Monika Fludernik & Benjamin Kohlmann, eds. Anglistentag 2011 Freiburg: Proceedings. Trier: WVT, 21-36.

Deuber, Dagmar, Carolin Biewer, Stephanie Hackert & Michaela Hilbert. 2012. "Will and would in selected New Englishes: General and variety-specific tendencies." In Marianne Hundt & Ulrike Gut, eds. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide. Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes. Varieties of English Around the World G43. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 77-102. DOI: 10.1075/veaw.g43.04deu.

Bruckmaier, Elisabeth & Stephanie Hackert. 2011. "Bahamian Standard English: A first approach." English World-Wide 32: 174-205. DOI: 10.1075/eww.32.2.03bru.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2010. "ICE Bahamas: Why and how?" ICAME Journal 34: 41-53. http://clu.uni.no/icame/ij34/

Hackert, Stephanie. 2010. "Creoles and the city: Testing sociolinguistic variables in a creole urban environment." In Peter Gilles, Joachim Scharloth & Evelyn Ziegler, eds. Variatio delectat: Empirische Evidenzen und theoretische Passungen sprachlicher Variation. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 239-54.

Hackert, Stephanie & John Holm. 2009. "Southern Bahamian: Transported AAVE or transported Gullah?" The College of the Bahamas Research Journal 15: 12-21. DOI: 10.15362/ijbs.v15i0.115.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2009. "Linguistic nationalism and the emergence of the English native speaker." European Journal of English Studies 13: 305-17. DOI: 10.1080/13825570903223541.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2009. "A discourse-historical approach to the English native speaker." In Thomas Hoffmann & Lucia Siebers, eds. World Englishes: Properties, Problems, Prospects. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 385-406. DOI: 10.1075/veaw.g40.23hac.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2009. " Of old and new Anglo-Saxons: The native speaker and nationalism in English-speaking countries." In Claudia Lange, Ursula Schaefer & Göran Wolf, eds. Linguistics, Ideology and the Discourse of Linguistic Nationalism. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 77-96.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2008. "Counting and coding the past: Circumscribing the envelope of variation in quantitative analyses of past inflection." Language Variation and Change 20: 127-53. DOI: 10.1017/S0954394508000033.

Hackert, Stephanie & Magnus Huber. 2007. "Gullah in the diaspora. Historical and linguistic evidence from the Bahamas." Diachronica 24: 279-325. DOI: 10.1075/dia.24.2.04hac.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2006. "Oral narrative and tense in urban Bahamian Creole English." In Ana Deumert & Stephanie Durrleman, eds. Structure and Variation in Language Contact. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 225-42.
DOI: 10.1075/cll.29.13hac.

Cutler, Cecilia, Stephanie Hackert & Chanti Seymour. 2006. "Bermuda and the Bahamas." In Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier & Peter Trudgill, eds. Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science 3/3. 2nd ed. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 2066-73.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2004. "I did know: Past marking in urban Bahamian Creole." In Christoph Bode, Sebastian Domsch & Hans Sauer, eds. Anglistentag 2003 München: Proceedings. Trier: WVT, 477-89.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2003. "Sociolinguistics." In Pavol Štekauer & Stanislav Kavka, eds. Rudiments of English Linguistics II. Prešov: Filozofická fakulta Prešovkej university, 71-120.

Stephanie Hackert. 2013. “Bahamian Creole structure dataset.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath & Magnus Huber, eds. Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2011. "Bahamian Creole." In Bernd Kortmann & Kerstin Lunkenheimer, eds. The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2024. "Review of Ansaldo, Umberto & Miriam Meyerhoff, eds. 2021. The Routledge Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Languages. London, New York: Routledge." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 39/2: 472-7. DOI: 10.1075/jpcl.24018.hac.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2016. "Review of Deuber, Dagmar. 2014. English in the Caribbean: Variation, Style and Standards in Jamaica and Trinidad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." English World-Wide 37: 225-30.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2009. "Review of Errington, Joseph. 2008. Linguistics in a Colonial World: A Story of Language, Meaning, and Power. Oxford, Malden, MA: Blackwell." English World-Wide 30: 332-7.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2009. "Review of Mesthrie, Rajend & Rakesh M. Bhatt. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24: 361-4.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2009. "Review of Huber, Magnus & Viveka Velupillai, eds. 2007. Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives on Contact Languages. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins." English World-Wide 30: 119-22.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2006. "Review of Schreier, Daniel. 2005. Consonant Change in English Worldwide: Synchrony Meets Diachrony. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan." Journal of Sociolinguistics 10: 690-5.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2005. "Review of Plag, Ingo, ed. 2003. Phonology and Morphology of Creole Languages. Tübingen: Niemeyer." English World-Wide 26: 120-3.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2005. "Review of Winford, Donald. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford, Malden, MA: Blackwell." English World-Wide 26: 113-6.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2004. "Review of Poplack, Shana & Sali Tagliamonte. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Oxford, Malden, MA: Blackwell." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 19: 400-6.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2004. "Review of Mühleisen, Susanne. 2002. Creole Discourse: Exploring Prestige Formation and Change Across Caribbean English-Lexicon Creoles. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins." English World-Wide 25: 159-62.

Hackert, Stephanie. 2003. "Review of Wolfram, Walt, Clare Dannenberg, Stanley Knick & Linda Oxendine. 2002. Fine in the World: Lumbee Language in Time and Place. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University." English World-Wide 24: 295-9.

Hackert, Stephanie. 1999. "Review of Bartens, Angela. 1996. Der kreolische Raum: Geschichte und Gegenwart. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14: 171-6.

The research focus at the Chair of English Linguistics at LMU Munich is on varieties of English, and more specifically on postcolonial varieties, i.e., those forms of English which developed in overseas locations in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific during the colonial period, roughly from the early 17th to the late 19th centuries, in situations involving heavy language and dialect contact. Depending on the kinds of English input, the demographic and social relationships between the speakers in contact, and the larger socioeconomic conditions in the colonies, different variety types emerged.

There are, first, overseas varieties of English that emerged out of contact between speakers of different non-standard dialects in settler colonies such as the United States or Australia. Second, there are the so-called “New Englishes,” i.e., varieties showing a strong influence of the regional background languages and functioning as a second language in education, the media, business, and politics in linguistically diverse countries such as Singapore. These varieties are becoming increasingly autonomous and have sometimes developed standards of their own. Third, there are pidgins and creoles. The former are reduced languages which arise when groups of people need to communicate with each other for some specific purpose such as trade but do not share a language. Creoles, by contrast, are full-fledged, natural languages that emerged when people of different ethnic, linguistic, and sociocultural backgrounds came together in new communities, often under conditions of forced labor and/or slavery in former plantation colonies. Creoles are spoken as native languages and are capable of fulfilling any communicative function they are put to by their speakers. Nevertheless, most of them still do not possess overt prestige and are restricted to spoken, informal interaction. Well-known English-lexifier creoles include Jamaican Creole, or Patwa, and Hawai’i Creole English, which is locally known as Pidgin.

In addition to such non-standard varieties of English, there are standard ones as well. Whereas in former times, only one standard was overtly acknowledged (“Others may speak and read English – more or less – but it is our language not theirs. It was made in England by the English”), today there are two global, or metropolitan, standards, i.e., American English and British English. In a number of postcolonial countries, however, these global standards are being renounced in favor of local ones, and a number of researchers have turned to the investigation of the social and linguistic processes involved in the emergence of these new standards.

The study of varieties of English is always based on real, authentic, naturally occurring data. This often involves fieldwork, during which recordings are made, which are then transcribed and analyzed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study of standard varieties of English is often facilitated by the availability of large, computer-readable collections of texts, i.e., corpora, such as the International Corpus of English (ICE) or the Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE). Corpus linguistics necessitates sophisticated computer and statistical skills.

The study of varieties of English is often linked with another subfield of linguistics entitled “language variation and change,” which researches the links between synchronic linguistic variation and diachronic language change. Variation affects all levels of language and must be considered a prerequisite for change; such change is often driven by social factors but constrained by structural, i.e., language-internal, factors. In this sense, all of the above-described approaches are part of an even larger field of linguistics, i.e., sociolinguistics, which studies the interface between language and society, including the effects that social factors such as age, gender, education, membership in a particular social group, or situation have on language as well as the effects of language use on society.

• Dr. Catherine Laliberté - The Language of Historical Fiction

The study of telecinematic language is currently being rediscovered as able to bring forth nuances to our understanding of language, since performance constitutes an intrinsic part of language use and human behavior. My project aims to contribute to this burgeoning perspective by investigating language use in a specific genre, namely English-language historical fiction.

Historical fiction is particularly interesting from a linguistic point of view in that it makes use of various strategies to convey pastness which function by producing estrangement effects – that is, by creating a dissonance between the “real” world and the imagined world in which the story takes place. Authors themselves often speak of the genre as a balancing act between portraying language in the past in a way that is “accurate” and the necessity of using language that is sufficiently familiar to avoid jeopardizing communication with their readers (Baker 2021; Brayfield and Sprott 2013). Works of historical fiction being linguistically distinctive implies that the genre’s features can be pinpointed in systematic ways empirically, using corpus-linguistic methods. The first phase of this project will entail the compilation of a large representative corpus of present-day televisual historical fiction, which can then be analyzed using a diverse range of quantitative methods. The aim is, on the one hand, to explore known or assumed features of pseudo-historical language, such as the overrepresentation of certain modal verbs (cf. Laliberté, Keller & Wengler fc), and, on the other hand, to uncover more abstract patterns that distinguish this genre from others, such as the over- or under-representation of certain word classes and semantic categories (cf. Castro 2023). These steps seek to go beyond the analysis of individual works, which is typical of much of current research, and capture a wide range of characteristics of the genre generally. Hence, this first part of the project has the potential to improve our understanding of performed language and its methodological implications in corpus linguistics (see e.g. Egan 2019).

Building on these findings, the second phase of the project will focus on the relationships between language, fiction and history. Accounting for the role of language in portraying the past on television can also illuminate the perceived relationships between language and the past. Television, especially, is the main vehicle for the packaging of history for the general public and plays a significant role in shaping people's understanding of their past (cf. de Groot 2008). Historians such as Alison Landsberg (2015) and Robert A. Rosenstone (2024) have argued that telecinematic historical fiction is legitimate historiography: fiction is able to spark “historical thinking” and memory formation – that is, it is able to fulfill the same cognitive and affective aims as academic history-writing. It follows that popular telecinematic representations of historical language, may, too, trigger linguistic-historical thinking and affective engagement with the history of English. This is, I believe, most obviously demonstrated by public discourse around the language of popular films and television shows. The second phase of the project will analyze this discourse in order to theorize the public’s reception of the language of historical fiction and the ways in which language history, as a construct, is reflected upon by non-linguists. The project therefore intends to be relevant across disciplines, from linguistics and literary theory to public history.

• Laura Hahn - Anticausatives in English Technical Language

Many languages including English offer the possibility of using certain verbs both transitively and intransitively. The causative alternation (e.g. He opened the door vs. The door opened) describes a particular type of intransitivization, in which the transitive patient becomes the grammatical subject of the intransitive while the transitive agent is deleted. As a result, the event described by the verb is conceptualized as happening spontaneously, without any external agent or cause. The intransitive member of the pair is hence called anticausative. While the phenomenon has received considerable attention in the tradition of generative grammar, corpus based investigations, both synchronic and diachronic, are rare. The little work that has been done, however, suggests some interesting diachronic trends. The anticausative appears to be on the rise (Lemmens 1998), as has been claimed by Halliday (1994). Davidse (1991) offers one possible explanation for this: the spread of modern technology and automation has caused an increase in situation types to which the particular semantics of the anticausative is well-suited. The present study aims to provide a corpus-based description of the construction focusing on an area of English that has not yet been investigated, namely technical language. Using data from the News on the Web (NOW) corpus, the study will investigate current usage patterns as well as the construction’s development in the most recent history of English.

• Melanie Keller - From Learner Language to Nativization: the Case of Korean English

In World Englishes (WE) studies, the nativization phase of a variety's development, according to Schneider’s (2003, 2007) Dynamic Model, is the most linguistically interesting and thus, most researched. The circumstances allowing for and leading up to nativization, however, are relatively mysterious. The need for more research on emerging varieties is clear, and “the most promising road to a possible detection of early traces of distinctive features is a principled comparison of performance data collected along similar lines, i.e. systematically elicited corpora” (Schneider 2004: 227). This dissertation will address this need via corpus-based research on the emerging variety of Korean English as a recent study places it in the stabilization phase, just prior to nativization (Rüdiger 2017: 59). Gut (2011: 102) is one of many linguists who claim that "structural features originally produced by language learners came to be adopted by later generation speakers and have developed into stable features of the newly emerged variety of English". Since no evidence, to my knowledge, has been produced to support this widely-accepted claim, I will approach my investigation of Korean English from a Second Language Acquisition (SLA) perspective and compare the English as a Second Language (ESL) of Korean American immigrants to English spoken by Koreans living in South Korea.

• Alexander Laube - Style and Variation in Bahamian English

This dissertation investigates stylistic variation in the speech of Bahamians and aims at addressing issues like the relevance and nature of the creole continuum, inter- and intraspeaker variation and the factors that govern this variation. The study builds on a corpus of mesolectal creole data (cf. Hackert 2004) as well as a range of conversational data from the Bahamas subcomponent of the International Corpus of English (cf. Greenbaum 1996), including for example personal conversations and broadcast discussions/interviews, which (to varying degrees) represent the acrolectal end of the continuum. It is in fact the first study to examine creole data in conjunction with educated English in order to look into “the gradual transitions generally assumed” (Deuber 2009: 29) to exist in creole speaking countries like the Bahamas. The study will primarily provide an in-depth analysis of a range of non-standard morphosyntactic features, including copula deletion, be leveling and TMA marking, and will trace their distribution across the entire stylistic continuum.

• Elizabeth Kaufmann - Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered Are We: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Bodily Autonomy, Power and ‘The Witch’ in Popular Television

On January 22nd, 1973, the Supreme Court of the United States established that the right to an abortion was constitutionally protected under the due process clause of the 14th amendment with their landmark decision in the case Roe v. Wade. Despite this, the 1990s and early 2000s would see increased political pressure from the right to limit access to abortion, and in June of 2022, less than 50 years after it was put before the Supreme Court, Roe v. Wade was overturned. Interestingly, during each of these three phases of legislation, popular television shows about witches — their powers, and their struggles to keep them — aired to great commercial success in the United States. This dissertation uses critical discourse studies to examine the language of the programs Bewitched (1964-1972), Charmed (1998-2006) and A Discovery of Witches (2018-2022), contending that contemporary discourses of women’s power, bodily autonomy, fear and (lack of) independence is reflected in the language of each series. The dissertation will explore how the archetype of the witch in each program acts as a discursive representation of everywoman during each of the three phases of abortion legislation examined. The dissertation explores how sociocognitive mental models of epistemic memory (see van Dijk 2014) triangulate (1) the fictitious struggles the main characters face while integrating their identities as witches into their sociopolitical time period, (2) the audience and (3) the political landscape. In this way each cultural-discursive communicative situation of the timeframes under investigation can be illuminated and linguistically investigated.

• Cheryl Yeo - Rhoticity in Singapore English

The variable realisation of coda /r/ has been accounted for by the traditional phonological distinction of English varieties into rhotic and non-rhotic types (Wells 1982:218–220), and has been a hallmark area of study in sociolinguistic research (e.g. Labov 1966; Nagy and Irwin 2010; Blaxter et al. 2019). Over the last three decades, this phenomenon has been described in notable studies on Singapore English (Tan and Gupta 1992; Poedjosoedarmo 2000; Tan 2012), albeit only influences by language-external variables have typically been reported. This dissertation will investigate the rhoticity patterns in Singapore English as spoken by speakers from the three major ethnic groups, and examine how both language-internal and language-external variables condition /r/ realisation in Singapore English. This study will also uncover the motivational forces behind the patterns governing /r/ realisation, in particular how globalisation affects language use. These outcomes will be interpreted and contextualised within the larger framework of World Englishes and the wider context of rhotacisation in English varieties in the United Kingdom, United States of America, Asia, the Caribbean, and countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Recent speech data, obtained between 2019 and 2020, from two corpora will form the objects of study for this present project.

• Dr. des. Diana Wengler - Dialect on Air: Grammatical and Phonological Variation in a Bahamian Radio Soap from the Early 19070s (fc.)

In the past few years, linguistic interest in historical audio material has risen as such data are supposed to "help unearth new information on phonetic, phonological and prosodic developments in the recent history of varieties" (Hickey 2017:1). In this dissertation project, recordings of Bahamian dialect will be analysed not just from a synchronic, but also diachronic perspective. Fairly newly discovered audio broadcasts from the 1970s will be used and compared to contemprary data. Historically, the Bahamas' early 1970s are of particular interest: while still a British colony, the nation was heading towards political independence, which also brought about substantial changes in the identity constructions of the overwhelmingly black population. In short, the era can be described as politically turbulent, characterised by a rhetoric of "Black Power" and "Bahamianisation", or, as Caton & Saunders (1998:316) put it: "No other ten-year period [...] saw so much economic, political, and social change". Apart from variationist analyses, it will also be assessed in how far and on which stylistic levels the recordings represent the dialect of that time. Despite the limited amount of data available, this dissertation thus seeks to gain first insights into recent linguistic, especially phonetic changes on the Bahamas.

• Dr. Catherine Laliberté - English in Panama City: The Linguistic Legacy of the Panama Canal Builders (2023)

The construction of the Panama Railroad and the Panama Canal during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century was made possible by the labor of Caribbean migrant workers. It is estimated that between 1904 and 1914, over 150,000 West Indian laborers worked on the American canal project (Conniff 1985:3), a great proportion of whom permanently settled in Panama. Their descendants proudly uphold their cultural and linguistic legacy, as demonstrated by previous work on Panamanian Creole English in Panama City (Thomas-Brereton 1992, 1993; Lamy 2012). This dissertation primarily aims at documenting the variety (or varieties) of English used by Panamanians of West Indian descent, and providing quantitative and qualitative descriptions of grammatical aspects such as verbal agreement, tense marking and modality, which highlight the community’s Caribbean roots. The project also endeavors to present a detailed sociolinguistic description of the community, specifically by empirically examining the shift to Spanish monolingualism currently underway. Data was collected in 2018 and 2019 in Panama City and consists in over 28 hours of recorded material with 30 speakers, as well as 119 language choice questionnaires (cf. Gal 1979).

• Dr. Martin Eberl - Linguistic Creativity and Linguistic Innovation in the Emergence of Tok Pisin (2019)

The project investigates the roles of linguistic creativity and linguistic innovation in the emergence of Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea. Drawing on theories of evolutionary linguistics, phenomena of variation and change are linked to the grammaticalization of various structural features in Tok Pisin.
Different linguistic levels of innovation – i.e. lexical, morphological, phonetical and syntactical innovation – are contrasted in terms of the agency involved and the language-internal and language-external factors which impaired borrowing on the various levels from the various super- sub- and adstrated involved and benefitted the internal development and innovation of structure from materials existent in the emerging language system. A corpus built from various early sources such as travel reports and dictionaries, supplemented by a transcription of roughly 4600 recordings made by Jon Z’graggen during the 1970s and 1980s provides an empirical foundation against which the assumptions can be tested. Features of particular interest identified so far are the comitative/instrumental preposition wantaim and the nominal plural marker ol as well as the emerging relativization and complementization strategies.

• Dr. Janina Kraus - A Sociophonetic Study of the Urban Bahamian Creole Vowel System (2017)

This thesis seeks to contribute to research in the fields of creolistics, sociolinguistics and phonetics by providing an in-depth acoustic description of the vowel system(s) of 33 Bahamian Creole speakers from Nassau, the capital of the Bahamas, taking into account the social countenance of synchronic variation. Results are related to the historical development of Bahamian Creole and to its position at the linguistic crossroads of the Americas.

• Dr. Matthias Klumm - Address in the Anglophone Caribbean: A Corpus-Based Sociolinguistic Study of Nominal and Pronominal Address Patterns in Jamaica and Trinidad (2017)

In my doctoral dissertation, I examined the forms and use of nominal and pronominal address in the anglophone Caribbean (i.e. in present-day Jamaica and Trinidad) from a variationist sociolinguistic perspective. Based on different sources of data (i.e. postcolonial literary works, written questionnaires and semi-structured interviews), the analysis of the address behaviour of Jamaicans and Trinidadians reveals that while the forms of address identified are to a large extent the same in both islands (e.g. kinship terms for non-kin, titles plus first name etc.), their use varies considerably according to different social factors characterizing both the speaker and the addressee (e.g. sex, age, social class or ethnicity), as well as according to the relationship between the interlocutors and the situational context in which the interaction takes place.

• Dr. Elisabeth Bruckmeier - Getting at GET: A Corpus-Based Semasiological-Syntactic Analysis of GET in World Englishes (2015)

The study is based on a corpus analysis of over 11,600 tokens and demonstrates how a semasiological approach with a focus on one highly frequent and versatile verb, and a methodology based on a meticulous analysis of all of the patterns and meanings in which GET can be used, can contribute to the understanding of the working and strength of factors such as prescriptivism and colloquialism, substrate effects, effects of Second Language Acquisition, and the influence of the two major standard varieties British and American English on other varieties of English. The dissertation has been turned into a book entitled Getting at GET in World Englishes and has been published by De Gruyter.

• A corpus-stylistic analysis of Gothic fiction (MA 2025)
• A variationist analysis of the mandative subjunctive in the Old Bailey Corpus (MA 2025)
• The use of Nigerian Pidgin in the music of contemporary Afrobeats artists (Zula Gymn. 2024/25
• Rhetoric, deixis, and modality in the 2024 U.S. Presidential campaign debates (Zula Gymn. 2024/25)
• Native Canadian English (BA 2024)
• Jamaican Creole in literature: Code-switching in Marlon James’ A Brief History of Seven Killings (MA 2024)
• German Accents in English: Accent Dynamics of German-Speaking Singers in English-Language Pop Music Based on an Analysis of Lena Meyer-Landrut (BA 2024)
• Genitive variation in spoken 19th-century English (Zula Gymn. 2023/24)
• A typological analysis of tense-aspect in English-lexifier creoles (MA 2024)
• English Gerunds and their translations into German (Zula Gymn. 2023)
• Genitive variation in spoken 18th-century English (MA 2023)
• English in Indonesia: Indonesian-English code-switching (MA 2023)
• Translating creole into German (MA 2023)
• English-Chinese code switching in film (BA 2023)
• Indonesian English (MA 2023)
• English and Creole in Translation (MA 2023)
• African American Vernacular English and its role in the world of rap and hip hop (Zula Gymn. 2022/23)
• The Role of Language in the Reid Technique: A Comparative Study of Police Communication Strategies in the Interview and Interrogation Stages and their Impact on Suspect Responses and Confessions (Zula Gymn. 2022/23)
• Building identity through TH-stopping in UK grime music (Zula Gymn. 2022)
• The linguistic landscape of Hawai’i Creole English (MA 2022)
• An analysis of English emergency calls: Linguistic indicators for deceptive language (MA 2022)
• A sociolinguistic analysis of China English (MA 2022)
• Linguistic creativity among Mandarin Chinese speakers of English (MA 2022)
• Philadelphia English (BA 2022)
• Giving ‘Ordinary People’ a Voice: Dialect Authenticity in the Television Series Derry Girls (BA 2022)
• Grammaticalization in Tok Pisin (MA 2021/22)
• Mood and modality in Bahamian Creole English (MA 2021/22)
• The evolution of Indian English (BA 2021/22)
• The Coventry dialect: A folklinguistic study focusing on dialect perception and language attitudes (BA 2021)
• Singaporean Englishes as identity markers (BA 2021)

• Rhoticity in Singapore English (MA 2021)
• Multimodality, Interdiscursivity and Intertextuality in Political Discourse: Hamilton: An American Musical and the Presidential Election 2020 (Zula Gymn. 2021)
• Language acquisition patterns and code switching (BA 2021)
• English and creole in computer-mediated communication in Barbados (MA 2020/21)
• Caribbean English in letters: A linguistic analysis of a historical correspondence corpus from Panama (MA 2020)
• Morphosyntactic variation in educated Bahamian English: The use of zero copula in university classroom lessons (MA 2020)
• Code-switching in Hawai’i Creole English (BA 2020)
• Morphosyntactic processes in German-English code-switching and borrowing (MA 2020)
• Whe(r)e a(r)e we going, bey? Rhoticity in Bahamian English (MA 2019)
• Rhoticity in Bahamian English: Broadcast Texts (MA 2019)
• Verb complementation in Bangladeshi English as compared to Indian English: A corpus-based study of clausal verb complementational preference (MA 2019)
• Linguistic representations of female authority and submissiveness in the New York Times‘ coverage of #MeToo (MA 2019)
• A linguistic comparison of historical and contemporary Bahamian speeches (MA 2019)
• Bangladeshi English (MA 2019)
• A linguistic analysis of the Me Too and Time’s Up debates (MA 2019)
• Rhoticity in Bahamian English (MA 2019)
• English-Swahili: A typological comparison (BA 2018-19)
• Korean(ized) English in the diaspora: A longitudinal study of an American second-language speaker (MA 2018)
• Verb complementation patterns in Hong Kong and Singapore English (MA 2018)
• "All in all ist das echt amazing": Structural characteristics of German-English intrasentential code-switching in computer-mediated communication (BA 2017-18)
• African American Vernacular English in the film Fences: An accurate depiction of the variety? (BA 2017-18)
• Postvocalic /r/ in Bahamian English: An auditory-impressionistic study (StEx 2017)
• The a-vowels in acrolectal Bahamian English: A sociophonetic analysis (StEx 2017)
• African American Vernacular English in computer-mediated communication: A corpus-based study of weblogs (BA 2017)
• Manipulating pitch and speech rate: gender and variety differences in the effects of voice quality features on the perception of personality characteristics (BA 2017)
• English as a lingua franca among students in Munich (BA 2017)
• Attitudes towards South African English accents (BA 2017)
• A discourse analysis of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Debates (BA 2017)
• A linguistic analysis of Aboriginal English sociolinguistic interviews (BA 2017)
• On the use of African American Vernacular English by white hip hop artists (Iggy Azalea) (BA 2017)
• He is easy to please vs. Er ist leicht zufriedenzustellen: A contrastive analysis of raising constructions in English and German (StEx 2016)
• Word formation in Hong Kong English (BA 2016)
• A diachronic study of modality in Indian English newspapers (MA 2016)
• The use of English in Indian newspapers: Research on genitive variation (BA 2016)
• The functions of Anglicisms in the recontextualization of German hip hop cultural hybrids (StEx 2016)
• Automated analysis of conversational narrative (BA 2015-16)
• The representation of social actors: An analysis of social studies textbooks (StEx 2016)
• A diachronic analysis of Jamaican newspaper language (MA 2015)
• A study on the spontaneous production of the Present Perfect by German learners of English
  (StEx 2015)
• Cajun English (StEx 2015)
• Pronunciation features of English-language pop singers (BA 2015)
• English-French Language Contact in Canada: A quantitative and comparative analysis of lexical borrowing (MA/StEx 2014)
• Possessive constructions in postcolonial Englishes (StEx 2014)
• The influence of the native language on language creation (MA 2014)
• English-Chinese code switching in New York City (MA 2014)
• Dublin English and its spread through Ireland: A study of accent (BA 2014)
• Spelling variation in Canadian English: A study of blogs (BA 2014)
• Negation in Urban Bahamian Creole: A Variable Analysis (StEx 2014)
• Past tense marking in colloquial Singapore English (Magister/StEx 2014)
• The copula in earlier AAVE: The Hoodoo texts (BA 2014)
• Patterns of conversational interaction in Bahamian Creole English (Magister/StEx 2013)
• African American English in film (BA 2013)
• A corpus-based, sociohistorical analysis of negation patterns in Late Modern English (Magister/StEx 2013)
• Barbadian Standard English: Americanized or Creolized Queen’s English? (StEx 2013)
• American versus British Linguistic Influences in Virgin Islands Press Texts (Magister 2013)
• Anglicisms in business talks (Magister 2013)
• On the dubbing of humour: Language plays, cultural elements and slang terms. A parallel corpus analysis of the comedy series Scrubs (StEx 2013)
• Whether I am real or not? An analysis of a European American speaker’s use of AAVE (Magister 2013)
• Discourse Strategies of Face-Work in Football Discourse (Magister 2013)
• Do accents still matter? A matched guise survey comparing contemporary attitudes towards Received Pronunciation and regional accents in Great Britain (StEx 2013)
• A comparative study of the pronunciation of vowels in white second language South African English speakers and white first language South African English speakers (StEx 2012)
• Jamaican proverbs – imagery, symbolism, and creole identity (Diplomarbeit Wirtschaftspädagogik 2012)
• English as a lingua franca in international exchange students' communities of practice (StEx 2012)
• Canadian English on the West Coast: Its Status and Relation to British and American English (StEx 2012)
• White Hip Hop in the U.S.: A Sociolinguistic Investigation (StEx 2011)
• The Boarder Words: A Sociolinguistic Enquiry into the Lexicon of Skateboarding (StEx 2011)

DFG-Project "Aboriginal English on Croker Island: Morphosyntactic variation between input and innovation in a new variety of English" (DFG-Projekt HA 3514/4-1, 2025-28)

Our general aim in this project is to tease apart the effects of input and innovation in the development of Australian Aboriginal English on Croker Island, Northern Territory. The English spoken on this island is phenotypically similar to other varieties of Aboriginal English, yet noticeably distinct on several features. Moreover, it is characterized by such a high degree of inter- and intra-speaker variability that it is difficult to describe it as a homogenous variety or a linearly ordered continuum of features (Mailhammer 2021).

Building on these findings, this project specifically aims at answering the following research questions, which have impact beyond the description of another “lesser-known variety of English“ (Schreier et al. 2010): (1) How has the interplay of contact-induced language change and variety-internal innovation been shaping English on Croker Island? (2) Are patterns of morphosyntactic variation unique to the variety or does it share (some of) them with other high-contact Englishes? If so, are these patterns owed to substrate influence or presumedly typical creole effects, or
are they describable in terms of more general structural, discourse-pragmatic, or cognitive constraints on language use? (3) Why has Croker Island not (yet) stabilized into a coherent variety (Mailhammer 2021), as is generally assumed for New Englishes? Is the observed variation in an artefact of the investigative tools used so far? Can it be
captured in terms of a set of probabilistic grammars with a more sophisticated and cutting-edge toolkit?

To address these questions, we will conduct an apparent-time study based on both sociolinguistic interviews and data elicited by means of a typological tense-aspect questionnaire, enriching the existing corpus described in Mailhammer (2021). We will focus on morphosyntactic features that (1) are well-studied in other high-contact varieties of English and (2) have diagnostic status in the field of World Englishes, such as copula structures or 3rd-person present-tense marking. We will follow the theoretical and methodological principles of variationist sociolinguistics, employing state-of-the-art techniques of statistical modeling and engaging with the latest findings from creole studies and World Englishes as well as from typological and cognitive-linguistic research.

DFG-Project "Standardization and Language Change in Postcolonioal Speech Communities: The Bahamas" (DFG-Projekt HA 3514/3-1, 2016-2019)

Whereas the creoles of the anglophone Caribbean have received a fair amount of attention in the past fifty years or so, much less is known about standards of English in the region. The proposed project aims to describe and explain the restructuring processes which have been taking place in educated Bahamian English in the postcolonial era. Two main research questions are to be answered: (1) Is the variety becoming Americanized? (2) What is the extent of the influence of the locally coexisting creole? In order to answer these questions, a representative database has been compiled using the International Corpus of English framework; this database will be supplemented by diachronic and attitude data, all of which will be subjected to rigorous quantitative (as well as qualitative) analysis.

in cooperation with the University of the Bahamas

http://ice-corpora.net/ice/

1.BASIC

• 1.1. Linguistics

Culpeper, Jonathan, Francis Katamba, Paul Kerswill, Ruth Wodak and Tony McEnery, eds. 2009. English Language: Description, Variation and Context. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kortmann, Bernd. 2005. English Linguistics: Essentials. Berlin: Cornelsen.

Mair, Christian. 2015. English Linguistics: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto.

Plag, Ingo, Sabine Arndt-Lappe, Maria Braun and Mareile Schramm. 2015. Introduction to English Linguistics. (3rd ed.) Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

• 1.2 Sociolinguistics

Chambers, J.K. 2009. Sociolinguistic Theory (rev.ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Holmes, Janet and Nick Wilson. 2017. Introducing Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.

Meyerhoff, Miriam. 2012. Introducing Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.

• 1.3 Varieties of English

Crystal, David. 2003. English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hickey, Raymond. 2013. A Dictionary of Varieties of English. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Schneider, Edgar W. 2011. English Around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• 1.4 Phonetics & Phonology

Carr, Philip. 2013. English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Gut, Ulrike. 2009. Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Ogden, Richard. 2017. An Introduction to English Phonetics (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

• 1.5 Corpus linguistics

Biber, Douglas, Susan Conrad and Randi Reppen. 1998. Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Biber, Douglas and Randi Reppen, eds. 2015. The Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McEnery, Tony and Andrew Hardie. 2012. Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2. ADVANCED

• 2.1 Sociolinguistics

Bayley, Robert and Ceil Lucas, eds. 2007. Sociolinguistic Variation: Theories, Methods, and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bayley, Robert, Richard Cameron and Ceil Lucas, eds. 2013. The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chambers, J. K. and Natalie Schilling, eds. 2013. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Coulmas, Florian. 2013. Sociolinguistics: The Study of Speakers’ Choices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Coupland, Nikolas. 2007. Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Coupland, Nikolas. 2016. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Eckert, Penelope and John R. Rickford. 2001. Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fought, Carmen. 2006. Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Garrett, Peter. 2010. Attitudes to Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Llamas, Carmen and Dominic James Landon Watt, eds. 2010. Language and Identities. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. 2011. The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Meyerhoff, Miriam, ed. 2010. The Routledge Sociolinguistics Reader. London: Routledge.

Schilling, Natalie. 2013. Sociolinguistic Fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schreier, Daniel. 2014. Variation and Change in English: An Introduction. Berlin: ESV.

• 2.2 Varieties

Burridge, Kate and Bernd Kortmann, eds. 2008. Varieties of English. Vol. 3: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Filppula, Markku, Juhani Klemola and Devyani Sharma, eds. 2017. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2015. Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kortmann, Bernd and Clive Upton, eds. 2008. Varieties of English. Vol. 1: The British Isles. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider and Clive Upton, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 2: Morphology and syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Lanehart, Sonja, ed. 2015. The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mesthrie, Rajend., ed. 2008. Varieties of English. Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Saraceni, Mario. 2015. World Englishes: A Critical Analysis. London: Bloomsbury.

Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schneider, Edgar W., ed. 2008. Varieties of English. Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Schneider, Edgar W., Kate Burridge, Bernd Kortmann, Rajend Mesthrie and Clive Upton, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

• 2.3 Language Change

Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2017. Listening to the Past: Audio records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair and Nicholas Smith. 2009. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nevalainen, Terttu. 2017. Historical Sociolinguistics: Language Change in Tudor and Stuart England. London: Routledge.

Seargeant, Philip and Joan Swann, eds. 2012. English in the World: History, Diversity and Change. London: Routledge.

• 2.4 Language contact

Arends, Jacques, Pieter Muysken and Norval Smith, eds. 1994. Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Kouwenberg, Silvia and John Victor Singler, eds. 2008. The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Lim, Lisa and Umberto Ansaldo. 2016. Languages in Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schreier, Daniel and Marianne Hundt, eds. 2013. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Velupillai, Viveka. 2015. Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Winford, Donald. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.

• 2.5 Data analysis

Baayen, R. Harald. 2008. Analyzing Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics Using R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gries, Stefan. 2013. Statistics for Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

Gries, Stefan. 2017. Quantitative Corpus Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction. New York: Routledge.

Levshina, Natalia. 2015. How to do Linguistics with R: Data Exploration and Statistical Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Meyerhoff, Miriam. 2015. Doing Sociolinguistics: A Practical Guide to Data Collection and Analysis. London: Routledge.

Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2006. Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Journals and Books

• American Speech
• Creole Language Library (CLL)
• Contact Language Library (CoLL)
• Diachronica
• English World-Wide (EWW)
• ICAME Journal
• Journal of English Linguistics (JEngl)
• Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages (JPCL)
• Journal of Sociolinguistics
• Language in Society
• Language Variation and Change (LV&C)
• Studies in Language Variation (SILV)
• Varieties of English Around the World (VEAW)
• World Englishes (WE)

Organisations

• International Association for World Englishes (IAWE)
• International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English (ICAME)
• International Society for the Linguistics of English (isLE)
• Linguistic Society of America (LSA)
• Society for Caribbean Linguistics (SCL)
• Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics (SPCL)

Corpora

• Corpus Resource Database (CoRD)
• International Corpus of English (ICE)
• BYU Corpora
• Corpora accessible via CQPweb (e.g. British National Corpus (BNC) and Brown Family)

Databases

• The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online (APiCS)
• Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE)
• The electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English (eWAVE)
• The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)
  
  Varieties of English

Dialect samples

• British Library "Sounds Familar? Accents and Dialects of the UK"
• Dialects of English (Edinburgh University Press)
• International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)
• Language Varieties Web Site (hosted by the University of Hawaii)
• Lowlands-L (one story in many dialects and languages)
• University of Virginia Library Digital Collections
• World-English website (with links to English-language radio stations around the world)

Software

• AntConc (freeware corpus analysis software)
• AntCorGen (freeware corpus creation tool)
• ELAN (transcription and annotation of language data)
• Praat (phonetic anaysis toolkit)
• R and RStudio (statistical computing and graphics)
• TagAnt (freeware Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagger)
• WordSmith Tools (commercial corpus analysis software)